南极Fildes半岛成土过程中不同时期的岩石风化趋势

From the view of energy state of material,this paper introduces a concept a concept of weathering potential in carrying out quantitative calculation of the relevant products at different stages of rock-weathering and primary soil-forming processes,elaborates respectively on weathering degree in the bio-weathering layer of rocks and during the formation of soil material and clay,and evaluats the further tendency of weathering in the above-mentioned stages.The authors have discovered that the scales of weathering potential of the materials increase successively in the three stages,which indicates that the products in the above-mentioned three stages must have undergone stronger and stronger weathering in the primitive forming process of soil in Fildes Peninsula,Antarctic.But,Because of relatively weak chemical weathering,it is reasonable that there are much more skeleton grains and little clay in priamry soils in this region.Meanwhile the authors have also verified that the weathering potential of crde rock determines to some extent decrease in the products‘ weathering potential in the different stages in primary soil-forming,thereby plays an important role in the genesis and development of the primary soil in the studied area.     

Historical abundance and distributions of Salpa thompsoni hot spots in the Southern Ocean and projections for further ocean warming

1. In contrast to Antarctic krill Euphausia superba, Antarctic salps (Salpa thompsoni) respond positively to warmer water temperatures and have the ability to create massive blooms under favourable conditions. Therefore, they can compete with krill for primary production. Over the last three decades, significant variability in S. thompsoni occurrence has been observed as a response to the environmental fluctuations of the Southern Ocean ecosystem (e.g. changes in sea surface temperature and ice-cover shrinkage around the cold Antarctic waters).
2. This study presents historical abundance data of salps from the south-west Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean, covering a time span of 26 years. These data allow tracking of fluctuations in Antarctic salp abundance and their distribution with bottom depth, temperature, and ice conditions, aiming to reveal salp hot spots and to predict the future range of S. thompsoni distribution with upcoming climate warming in the next 50 years.
3. Results showed the highest salp density in shallow shelf waters with ice cover and low temperatures between 1 and −1°C. In the studied area, S. thompsoni hot spots were located mostly around Elephant Island, but also the islands around Brensfield and Gerlache Straits, as well as to the south near the Bellingshausen Sea. Inferences made of future salp distribution suggest that the range of S. thompsoni will move southwards, enlarging their habitat area by nearly 500,000 km², which may have significant implications on the whole Antarctic food web. The information presented herein may be used for Antarctic ecosystem management, protection, and conservation.

     

南极冰藻绿藻B-7的异养培养

2001年10月至2002年4月在中国第18次南极科学考察时采得南极海水水样和海冰样品,从中分离纯化出南极冰藻绿藻B 7,通过单因子试验及L25(56)正交试验表对其进行异养培养条件研究,并采用全量凯氏定氮法及气相色谱法测定该藻在异养培养条件下生化组成的变化。结果表明,在异养培养条件下,绿藻B 7的生长速率约为自养条件下的2倍。绿藻B 7异养培养最适有机碳、氮源分别为葡萄糖、蛋白胨;绿藻B 7的最佳异养培养条件为:培养温度4℃,培养液起始pH值6～8,250mL三角瓶装液量50mL,接种量20%。与自养条件相比,异养绿藻B 7细胞内生化组成有所变化:蛋白质含量升高,饱和脂肪酸及多不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的含量下降,单不饱和脂肪酸含量基本维持不变或有所上升。研究说明,通过异养培养可有效地提高绿藻B 7的藻体最终收获量,且异养条件下绿藻B 7的营养价值不低于自养绿藻B 7。在我国北方寒冷季节,可以利用异养培养方式大规模培养南极绿藻B 7,为育苗提供充足的饵料。     

南极磷虾桁杆拖网网型结构与作业性能之间的关系

桁杆拖网是南极磷虾连续泵吸桁杆拖网捕捞系统重要组成部分之一,为深入了解该系统中桁杆拖网的作业性能特征,促进网具作业性能优化,本研究通过模型试验开展了网型结构和沉子重量对网具作业性能影响的探索,网型结构包括6种(3种腹网宽度,每种宽度采用2种缝合方式),分别以A、B、C、AA、BB和CC表示,沉子重量3种。综合比较表明,不同试验网型作业性能优劣排序为BB>CC>C>A>B>AA,但差异不显著。缩小腹网宽度和斜目缝合均能有效提高网口垂直扩张、降低能耗系数,提高网具作业性能,尤其适用于较高拖速的作业场景。沉子重量与网具阻力、网口垂直扩张均呈显著正相关,但与能耗系数相关性不明显;为促进网口垂直扩张,合适的沉子重量配备随拖速增加而递增,拖速1.5 m/s的条件下,各试验网型其沉子配重应不低于3.05 t。试验条件下,各网型的网具阻力、能耗系数变化趋势较平稳,递变斜率变化较小,网具阻力与拖速呈幂函数关系,指数介于1.49～1.64。以上结论可为南极磷虾桁杆拖网属具配备以及优化设计提供参考。     

Fluoride retention of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed krill meal

The present experiment was performed to study how fluoride from krill meal enriched muscle, whole fish and bone of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in sea water. Atlantic salmon (mean weight 0.5 kg) were divided into four triplicate groups and fed a commercial fish meal based diets with 0, 100, 200 and 300 g krill kg^?1 feed, respectively, for 12 weeks. The fluoride concentrations in the experimental feeds were analysed to be 18, 132, 235 and 358 mg kg^?1, respectively. Growth, mortality and feed efficiency were recorded through the experiment. Fluoride concentration was measured in muscle, whole‐body, and bone initially and after 12 weeks of feeding. The fluoride concentrations in the samples were determined by alkali fusion and fluoride ion‐selective electrode. Growth, mortality and feed efficiency ratio were not affected by the dietary treatments. The results showed that fluoride concentration in muscle, whole body and bone were not affected by the dietary fluoride level. The fluoride concentration in the tissues showed great variation among replicates of the group given the same diet. Fillets of the fish varied between 0.3 and 1.4 mg fluoride kg^?1 wet weight, whereas the whole‐body concentration of fluoride varied between 3.3 and 6.1 mg kg^?1 wet weight and the fluoride bone concentration varied between 5.8 and 7.2 mg kg^?1 fresh weight. These results suggest that Atlantic salmon are highly tolerant of dietary fluoride given as krill meal with concentration of fluoride up to 350 mg kg^?1 diet, and that accumulation of fluoride from feeding diets containing krill meal does not lead to tissue accumulation in the fish, at least over a short period of time.     

Effect of Antarctic krillmeal on quality of farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)

Farmed Atlantic cod with a mean weight of 4.8 kg were maintained for 9 weeks in sea cages and fed diets where the dietary fishmeal component was substituted with increasing proportions (0%, 22%, 63% and 100%) of meal from Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba. Wild‐caught cod were included in the study as external control. At termination of feeding, all fish were slaughtered and muscle pH was immediately recorded. The fish were then stored on ice for three days and assessed for muscle pH and objective (skin and fillet colour, and fillet texture) and subjective (sensory evaluation) quality criteria. Replacement of fishmeal with krillmeal in the diets resulted in the skin colour above and below the lateral line to be more red than the control group without krillmeal substitutions, even though this difference was not significant, and with more yellow hue. Additions of krillmeal increased the muscle whiteness and yellow hue compared with the control group and wild fish. There was no difference in red hue between the groups. Muscle pH, texture or sensory attributes were unaffected by dietary inclusion level of krillmeal. Wild‐caught cod deviated in several aspects from the farmed cod. It is concluded that the replacement of fishmeal with Antarctic krillmeal in the diets two months before slaughter did not move the sensory attributes more towards wild fish.     

南极半岛海洋气候区的土壤Ⅵ.空间可变性与土壤景观

本文通过对南极海洋气候区自然环境和地表特征分析,指出本区土被发育与分布具有明显的不连续性特征;同时,在分析研究本区成土因素的空间变化格局及其对土壤发生、发育与演化影响的基础上,论述了南极海洋气候区土壤属性上的强烈空间可变性和类型上的高度分异性;最后,对本区有代表性的土壤景观系列进行了分析,指出成土因素空间变异的微域性特点造成了本区土壤景观的多样性与复杂性,本区自然环境的快速变化可能最终导致土壤景观的演变与重塑。     

2009/2010-2011/2012渔季中国南极磷虾渔业渔场时空变动

掌握南极磷虾渔业行为及渔场变动信息可为模拟渔业与生态系统相互作用提供非常重要的支撑。基于渔业科学观察员收集的2009/2010-2011/2012渔季中国南极磷虾渔业数据,利用渔场重心指标,分析了中国南极磷虾渔业渔场变动及渔船的行为模式。结果表明,从作业网次上来讲,2009/2010-2011/2012渔季期间,中国南极磷虾渔业主要渔场由48.1小区转向48.2小区,但产量变化却呈相反的趋势。尽管作业位置分布于6个精细管理单元中,但旬别渔场重心集中在4个精细管理单元中（APDPW,APDPE,APBSE和SOW）。中国南极磷虾渔业渔场选择不仅受到本地磷虾丰度的影响,同时还受到预定的决策,渔船条件及市场因素等的影响。     

南极Fildes半岛地衣在风化和成土过程中的作用

Lichens play an unparalleledly vital role in weathering and soil-forming processes in Antarctic region,In this study some related chemical components and micromorphological analyses have been carried out on the samples of the weathered rocks and the lichens grown on them from Files Peninsula,Antarctic,The results indicatied that the major chemical components in the bioweathering surface layer of the sampled rocks have been obviously altered and the weathering potential in this layer has greatly decreased by and average range around 4.66 percent in 4 samples,In the weathering surface layer ferruginiztion of some minerals in varying degress was seen by means of microscopic examination through the thin section of the weathered rocks,and its products proved to be dominated by hematitie,limonite,goethite and free iron oxides Meanwhile,the study suggested that the dissolution and absorption of lichens by their secretion accelerated the process of calcitization of minerals in the bio-weathering suface layer,Eventually,the results also show that different species of lichens play different roles in weathering and soil-forming proesses.